Bring peace to the Middle East! 33: chain of retaliation 3 : in Syria and Lebanon

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This time, I keep track of the chains of retaliations that happened in Syria and Lebanon.






<  2.  Countries during the conflict,  by Uppsala Conflict Data Program >

The green areas show countries during the conflict.
The line graph is a change of the number of conflicts. ( annotation 1)





<  3.  The death toll from conflicts, By Uppsala Conflict Data Program >


The size of circles is proportionate to total death tolls since 1989.
The line graph is a change of annual death tolls of conflicts.


Preface
Conflicts are now taking place in the world everywhere.
Therefore, one third of the world’s population lives in the disputed area, annual number of war deaths is 50,000-100,000, and forcibly displaced people worldwide amounts to 60 million people.

It is difficult to find only complete assailant in many cases of conflict.
In conflicts, a small collision escalates into military struggles while a quarrel continues.





In Syria
Current Syria is in a state of the civil war that "the Arab Spring" triggered in 2011, but hatred and discord had filled already.
President Assad (father of the current President) became irritated with a confrontation posture of "the Moslem Brotherhood" after 1970, performed many containment, and arrested one of the leader in 1976.
In 1979, when he died, the Islamic extremist attacked the Syrian military academy for a retaliation and killed 83 cadets. (Alawites, annotation 1).
In 1980, Syrian military forces raided a village and murdered more than 200 villagers.
In another district, they arrested 8,000 or more, and the commander shouted, "I keep killing 1,000 people per day until the Moslem Brotherhood disappears."

The same year, the Moslem Brotherhood planned an assassination of Assad, but it failed.
The Syrian military forces shot to kill approximately 1,000 people of the Moslem Brotherhood in a cell as retaliation for it.
This time, high government official in favor of
Assad was assassinated .
In 1982, the Syrian military forces killed 10,000-40,000 citizens in a main city of the Moslem Brotherhood. (Hama massacre)
The Moslem Brotherhood exploded a bomb in the capital against this holocaust, sacrificed 200 people, and started on terrorism that attacks citizen.

The Syrian government killed leaders of Muslim, citizen and labor union.
In 1982, the younger brother of President Assad who commanded many erasure boasted that he had been killing approximately 40,000 people.

The main point
While each massacre was repeated, it expanded, but this is a typical pattern of the world disputes.
To prevent a catastrophe, this initial stage of conflict is very important.






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In Lebanon
In Lebanon, three groups of Islam and four groups of Christianity had coexisted till that time.

However, when Palestinian and PLO (annotation 1) flowed into Lebanon from Jordan because Israeli military forces had driven them away, a violence case happened by sectarian struggle in 1970.

In 1976, Syrian military forces invaded Lebanon by a request of Lebanese government, and repressed PLO of Sunnites to protect Shiites.
In 1978, the Syrian military forces in Lebanon cannoned and violated an agreement with Israel, which was triggered by the provocation of a school of Christianity (Maronite Church).
Israel was hostile toward it, and Israeli military forces invaded Lebanon, but the collision of these two countries was avoided by the good offices of the United States.

In 1982, a radicals attempted to assassinate an Israeli ambassador to Great Britain. (annotation 2)
Taking this opportunity, Israeli military forces again invaded Lebanon as retaliation for PLO.
This was a plan Israel had warmed up for a long time.
Thus, only for ten weeks, Lebanon was destroyed thoroughly, and 20,000 people of Lebanese and Palestinian were murdered.
The war was stopped by the good offices of the United States, and PLO left from Lebanon.

After that time, a radical young man in favor of Syria assassinateｄ a Lebanese President in favor of Israel with bomb.
And, militiamen of the Maronite Church slaughtered nearly 3000 people of Palestinian refugees camping in Lebanon under the supervision of Israeli military forces. (Sabra and Shatila massacre in 1982)

The main point
Finally, Lebanese Civil War became mired in involving neighboring countries due to the war between Israel and Palestine.



Summary
A conflict only begins from a trifling collision accident, but after all it expands a war by mere revenge and breaking.
In the background of many cases of conflict of the Middle East, various sectarian conflicts and interstate confrontations cause serious harm to it.　

This continues the next time.



注釈１
紛争は「国家暴力＝state-based violence」「非国家暴力＝non-state violence」「一方的な暴力＝one-sided violence」に分けられている。

注釈２
アサド大統領はシーア派の一派で、少数派のアラウィー派に属している。

注釈３
PLO＝パレスチナ解放機構。
パレスチナ人とPLOはイスラム教スンナ派です。

注釈４
この犯行グループのリーダーはかってPLOに属していたがアラファト議長に除名されると、PLO要人の暗殺を行い、イラクやリビアの手先としてテロを行っていた。