Colored leaves in Ｎara ２： Hase-dera Temple

 

＜　Deva gate “仁王門”　＞

On November 17, I visited Hase-dera Temple of Nara.

It was cloud thinly, but sunlight was warm.

There were little colored leaves between the deva gate, long stairs, and a main hall that was on top.

When I saw a five-story tower from the stage of the main hall, autumnal leaves had shined at green leaves.

11月１７日、奈良の長谷寺を訪れました。

薄く雲がかかっていましたが、日射しは温かった。

仁王門から長い登廊を上り、一番上の本堂まではあまり紅葉はなかった。

本堂の舞台から五重塔の方を見ると、緑の中に紅葉が映えていました。

＜　long stairs　＞

＜　I saw a five-story tower from the stage distantly. ＞

＜　I looked down at the grounds of the temple and the temple town from the stage.　＞

＜　A principal image can be seen in the inner part of the main hall.   ＞

This image is eleven-faced Kannon Bosatu(Bodhisattva) statue which has no less than 12m in height.

本像は高さ１２ｍもある木彫りの十一面観音菩薩立像です。

＜　various colored leaves　　＞

＜　An ancient guardian deity of a small temple.　＞

Still, autumnal leaves will be not at their peak.

People were enjoying the end of autumn, and the autumnal leaves of the trees allotted to the precincts of the temple.

There were families that were together with their little child, lovers, mother and daughter, various groups, and people that were busy with photography in the precincts of the temple.

On the other hand, the Buddhist priests were reading some sutras in front of the golden Kannon statue in the main hall.

紅葉はまだ盛りではなかった。

人々は、秋の終わり、境内に配された木々の紅葉を楽しんでいた。

小さい子供連れの家族、恋人同士、母娘、様々なグループ、写真撮影に忙しい人々が境内を抜けていった。

一方、本堂では金色の観音様を前にお坊さんが読経をあげていた。

Colored leaves in Ｎara １： Muro-ji temple

I visited Muro-ji Temple, Hase-dera Temple, Tanzan-jinja Shrine on November 16 or 17, 2013.

I introduce two Buddhist temples, a Shinto shrine and the colored leaves of the mountain in three parts.

I introduce Muro-ji temple of Nara today.

Silent mountains and woods had surrounded the temple.

Moon had glittered in a night sky.

Autumnal leaves had come to the front by lighting.

There were thrilling beauties.

When I had been going up stairs, my body warmed up, and the chill was comfortable.

2013年11月16、17日、室生寺、長谷寺、談山神社を訪れました。

３回に分けて、寺社仏閣と山の紅葉を紹介します

今日は奈良県宇陀市にある室生寺を紹介します。

深閑とした山と森に囲まれた寺、

夜空に冴える月、

ライトに照らし出される紅葉、

息を呑む美しさがそこにはありました。

階段を上がっていると体が暖まり、冷気が心地よかった。

＜ If I cross the bridge, I arrive at the Muro-ji temple immediately.　＞

＜　from the temple gate to the stairs　＞

＜　five-story tower　＞

The night illumination just began at this day.

The pick-up bus bound for the temple went from hotel ”美榛苑” at where we had stayed.

The peak of autumnal leaves seems to be one week later.

ちょうどこの日から、ライトアップが始まりました。

宿泊した美榛苑から送迎バスが出ていました。

紅葉の盛りは、1週間後のようです。

写真撮影は三脚持参で。

History of sickness and medical art １４： It originated in ancient Egypt

＜　A boy hold a mandragora in his hand.　＞

This time, I pursue three mysterious things: mandragora, a circumcision, and pork evasion.

Mandragora（mandrake）

This is a nightshade that was used as a painkiller in Egypt.

On the movie "Harry Potter", a mandragora was grown as a miracle drug that break the magic spell.

In "Romeo and Juliet", it appeared as a medicine that brought suspended animation.

Since this plant had high virulence, it brought about hallucination, and the rhizome resembled a human form, from ancient times, diverse legends was born.

今回は、三つの不思議なもの、マンドラゴラ、割礼、豚肉忌避の起源を追います。

マンドラゴラ（マンドレイク）

これはエジプトで鎮痛剤として使われていたナス科の植物です。

映画「ハリ・ポッター」では、マンドラゴラは魔法を解く妙薬として栽培されていた。

「ロミオとジュリエット」では仮死をもたらす薬として登場した。

この植物は強毒性を持ち、幻覚症状をもたらし、さらにその根茎が人型に似ることもあり、古来より様々な伝説を生んでいた。

＜　A art work in the 15 century: a mandragora is visible to the upper left　＞

Mandragora was regarded as the precious material of a magic medicine, a tonic, and an elixir of life.

But, since it was thought that the harvest was dangerous, they made a dog draw out it, as shown in the picture.

 “The mandrakes give forth fragrance. At our doors are all kinds of precious fruits, new and old, which I have stored up for you, my beloved.” the Song of Solomon7-14

It is written as the plant that has the effect of fertilizing in the Old Testament.

マンドラゴラは魔法薬、精力剤、不老不死薬の貴重な材料とされていたが、収穫には危険が伴うと考えられ、図のように犬に引き抜かせた。

「恋なすは、かおりを放ち、もろもろの良きくだものは、新しいのも古いのも共にわたしたちの戸の上にある。わが愛する者よ、わたしはこれをあなたのためにたくわえました。」旧約雅歌7章14節

旧約では受胎効果のある植物として書かれている。

＜　A circumcision of Christ in a picture of the 17th century　＞

Circumcision

The circumcision was required for Judaist.

However, the history was old and it has been already drawn on an Egyptian mural in 2300 years B.C.

割礼

割礼はユダヤ教徒にとって必須だった。

しかしその歴史は古く、紀元前２３００年のエジプトの壁画に既に描かれていた。

＜　Three flamens are doing two boys a ceremony of a circumcision.　＞

In many parts of the world from time immemorial, the circumcision was carried out as a rite of passage to a young man, and it doubled as hygiene.

In Egypt, it was common for the lower class from old times, after 1 millennium B.C., the flamens were obliged to carry out it.

In Judaism, this was caught strictly, and it was preached in Genesis that boys have to perform it on the eighth day after being born.

Although this was taken over to Islam, St. Paul exempted the pagan from it, and Christianity became a better position to spread.

古くから世界各地で、衛生も兼ねて青年への通過儀礼として割礼は行われていた。

エジプトでは古くから下層階級でも一般的で、紀元前１千年紀以降、神官には義務付けられた。

ユダヤ教では、これを厳格に捉え、創世記において男子は産まれてから8日目に行うことが説かれた。

これはイスラム教に引き継がれたが、パウロがこれを免除し、キリスト教は異教徒に広まった。

＜　Set: the head was expressed in a pig or jackals.　＞

Evasion of pork

Although pig began to be bred all over the world from old times, since it was not suitable for pasturage, it was restricted to the settlement farmland.

In Egypt, it was often eaten in Nile Delta which agriculture was prosperous in, but was rare in the upstream of Nile.

Some King dedicated several thousand pigs to a shrine.

After Egypt was unified by a King of the upstream, Osiris of its guardian deity gradually became an important God.

Set that was expressed with the head of a pig opposed Osiris.

豚肉の忌避

豚は世界中で古くから飼養され始めたが、放牧に適さなかったので、定住農耕地帯に限られた。

エジプトでも、農耕が盛んなナイル・デルタではよく食べられていたが、上流では希であった。

王が神殿に数千頭の豚を奉納することもあった。

上流の王によってエジプトが統一されると、その守護神オシリスが徐々に重要な神になっていく。

豚の頭で表現されるセト神はオシリスと敵対していた。

＜　Set: the head was expressed in a pig or jackals.　＞

After one millennium B.C., the flamens were prohibited from eating pork, and the nobles begun to evade it.

On the other hand, Israel was also hostile to Ball that was a God of agriculture in Phoenicia.

It led to edible prohibition of pork in Leviticus of the Old Testament

The reason for the prohibition was that the appearance was ugly, gives off a bad smell, was dirty, an animal for meat, and a sacrifice beast of paganism.

This commandment was taken over to Islam of nomadic herders.

やがて紀元前１千年紀以降、神官は豚肉を禁じられ、貴族達も忌避し始めた。

一方、イスラエルも、フェニキアの農耕神バアルを敵視していた。

それが旧約レビ記において、豚肉の食用禁止につながった。

禁止の理由は、外観が醜悪、悪臭を放ち、不潔で、食肉用動物、異教の犠牲獣だったからです。

この戒律が遊牧民のイスラム教に取り入れらることになった。

Travel to South Korean３: Andong Hahoe folk village“安東河回村”２

 

＜　Buyongdae Cliff: Here is often used for filming.　＞

I also introduce Andong Hahoe folk village to you this time.

今回も安東河回村を紹介します。　

＜　Sacred tree of 600 years old is in the center of the village.　＞

The stately homesteads had been spreading in the shape of radiation with a focus on here.

ここを中心に屋敷は放射線状に広がっていった。

＜　Bukchondaek“北村家” is a bigger house：by「韓国精神文化の首都、安東へようこそ！」in English or Japanese　＞

 

＜　Bukchondaek：I saw right and left from the gate.　＞

I introduce the culture.

文化を紹介します

＜　Hahoe Mask Dance Drama ”河回別神グッタルノリ”　　＞

Upper photo: an apostate priest and a female entertainer

Lower photo: masks with each portrait

This mask dance drama was performed in order to offer to the guardian deity of this village.

This mask is a woodcarving, has a rich expression very much, and there is the thing in which the lower jaw moves.

It is interesting to keenly satirize the Yangban and the apostate priest.

It gives an air of inclusion of the Yanban.

上：破戒僧と芸妓。

下：人物像毎の仮面。

この仮面劇は、この村の守護神に捧げる為（別神祭）に行われていた。

この仮面は木彫りで、実に表情が豊かで、下顎が動くものもある。

おもしろいのは、破戒僧と両班を鋭く風刺していることです。

両班の懐の深さを感じさせる。

＜　The small hole which there is beside the gate of the Yangban　＞

A farmer was able to get rice from this hole at the time of famine.

The hole is a size into which one hand barely passes, and the farmer cannot take many.

農民は、飢饉の時この穴からお米を貰っていくことが出来た。

穴は一本の手がギリギリ入る大きさで、多くは取れない。

I wondered at something.

When I walked this village, the beginning, I had some sense of incongruity.

It is because this small village had difference between poverty and wealth.

Let's look at the difference between this village and some medieval villages of the world that I already introduced.

不思議に思ったこと

始め、私はこの村を歩いている時、少し違和感を持ちました。

それはこの小さな村に大きな家格（貧富）の差があったからです。

既に紹介した世界の中世集落と安東河回村との違いを見てみましょう。

A: Japan, Nagasaki Prefecture, the samurai residence of Chiran, about 300 years before.

The samurai residences are tidily located in a line.

B: Japan, Gifu Prefecture, Shirakawa-gou, about 300 years before.

Many farmhouses of the same structure as the riverside have stood in a line.

C: Czechoslovakia, Cesky krumlov, about 300 years before.

The winding river surrounds the town that had a public square in center.

D: China, Fujian Tulou(clay tower), about 200 years before.

All the rooms of a building like a fort were the same sizes.

A：日本、長崎県、知覧の武家屋敷、約３００年前。

武家屋敷が整然と並んでいる。

B：日本、岐阜県,白川郷、約３００年前。

川の側に同じ構造の農家が並んでいる。

C：チェコ、チェスキー・クルムロフ、約３００年前。

広場を中心にした街は蛇行した川に囲まれている。

D：中国、福建省の田螺杭土楼、約２００年前。

砦のような建物の中の部屋は皆、同じ大きさでした。

I noticed something.

What do the mask dance drama with satirizing and the smaller hole for almsgiving mean?

Probably there is some kind of sentiment between the villager (farmer and servant) and the Yangban, and the people mutually admit, allow, and exercise moderation.

Even if there was a clear classism, it seems that there was the culture that the people lives without keeping away mutually.

Between neighboring Korea and Japan, the difference in culture that was caused by each history made different state of the village in this way.

気がついたこと

風刺の効いた仮面劇、施しの小さめの穴は何を意味するのだろうか？

村人（農民や奉公人）と両班には、互いに節度を守り、認め、許し合う心情があるのではないだろうか。

明確な階級差はあっても、互いに遠ざけず共に暮らす文化があるように、私には思えた。

隣国の韓国と日本の間にも、それぞれの歴史を背負った文化の違いが、このように村の有り様を異なったものにしているようです。

Travel to South Korean 2: Andong Hahoe folk village“安東河回村”１

On October 22, this year, I went Andong Hahoe folk village of the world heritage.

Here, it is famous as a village of Yangban.

The village is where the members of Ryu family have lived together for 600 years.

Around a hundred houses retain the original form of hundreds-of-years-old style on the land that the Nakdong River“洛東江”flows around in an S shape

The merit of this village is not to be made as a tourist site.

I saw an idyllic landscape in the village in the small basin.

今年10月22日、私は両班の村、世界遺産の安東河回村に行きました。

６００年の伝統を守る両班（柳家）一族が今も暮らしています。

蛇行した河に囲まれ土地に百棟ほどの家が数百年前の姿を留めています。

この村の良さは、観光化されていないことです。

山間の小さな盆地の村にはのどかな時間が流れていました。

＜　Bird's-eye view of Andong Hahoe folk village ＞

The village was surrounded by the river and mountains and was suitable for protected land.

It is especially well known as the birthplace of a great Confucian scholar of the Joseon Dynasty(after 1392) and a Prime Minister of it.

They were from Yangban. 

Yangban were part of the traditional ruling class or nobles of the Joseon Dynasty.

They had high knowledge of Confucianism, and had elite consciousness.

ここは河と山に囲まれており、要害の地にふさわしい。

この村の両班から大儒学者と名宰相が誕生しています。

両班は王家の官僚組織を担った貴族階級のことです。

両班は儒学の高い教養を持ち、エリート意識が高かった。

＜　The South Korean history drama "a distinguished family"＞

This is a drama describing a family of Yanban of the Joseon Dynasty.

This is a scene of the family discourse of Yanban.

これは朝鮮王朝時代（１３９２年～）の両班を描いたドラマです。

これは両班の家族談話のシーンです。

＜　South Korean map: yellow = Andong, red = Gyeongju, and black = Pusan.　＞

Why did important human resources grow from this land in deep mountains?

The brown line is one of the Buddhism transmission routes from China to Gyeongju.

The dark blue line was Nakdong River, and the important water traffic route connected with the sea.

This land was important for a long time.

なぜこの山深い地から重要な人材が育ったのか。

茶色の線は、中国から慶州への仏教伝来ルートの一つです。

紺色の線は洛東江で海につながる重要な水上交通路でした。

この地は古くから重要だったのです。

＜　The whole view of the village, by "こころ、きらめく韓国"　＞

The tile-roofed houses in which the Yanban resided occupied the center, the thatched houses in which the servants resided had surrounded the circumference of it.

Although the tile-roofed houses of the Yanban are surrounded by the strong wall, the thatched houses have many things without a wall.

両班が住む瓦葺きの家が中央を占め、奉公人が住む茅葺きの家がその周りを囲んでいます。

両班の家は堅固な塀に囲まれていますが、茅葺きの家は塀の無いのが多い。

I enter the village.

それでは村に入って行きます

＜ A corner of the village is visible beyond honey-colored rice stalks. ＞

＜ Some sceneries of the village.　＞

＜　a house of Yanban 　＞

When Queen Elizabeth visited at Korea, she stayed at the house, and an famous prime minister of the Joseon Dynasty had resided in it at one time.

Upper photo is the room which is located immediately at the front.

We can look a fuel hole of the Ondol (an underfloor heating) at lacked foundation stone of lower left of lower photo.

Two chimneys of the Ondol can be seen at right side.

朝鮮王朝で名宰相とうたわれた人の家でエリザベス女王が宿泊された。

上写真は門を入って直ぐ正面にある部屋です。

下写真、左下の石組みが欠けている部分にオンドル（床下暖房）の焚き口が見える。

右手の奥にオンドルの煙突が2本見える。

＜　Structure of the Ondol　　＞

The underfloor heating is common in the Korean Peninsula till the present through the ages.

 “Andong Hahoe folk village”   

This article continues on the next time.

朝鮮半島では古くから現在まで床下暖房が普及しています。

次回、続きを紹介します。